NHLS
[WHO Geneva] –  The World Health Organization (WHO) last Wednesday endorsed a new and novel rapid test for tuberculosis (TB), especially relevant in countries most affected by the disease. The test could revolutionize TB care and control by providing an accurate diagnosis for many patients in about 100 minutes, compared to current tests that can take up to three months to have results.

A major milestone
“This new test represents a major milestone for global TB diagnosis and care. It also represents new hope for the millions of people who are at the highest risk of TB and drug-resistant disease,” said Dr Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s ‘Stop TB’ Department. “We have the scientific evidence, we have defined the policy, and now we aim to support implementation for impact in countries,” he said.
WHO’s endorsement of the rapid test, which is a fully automated NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test), follows 18 months of rigorous assessment of its field effectiveness in the early diagnosis of TB, as well as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and TB complicated by HIV infection, which are more difficult to diagnose.
Increase in diagnosis
Evidence to date indicates that implementation of this test could result in a three-fold increase in the diagnosis of patients with drug-resistant TB, and a doubling in the number of HIV-associated TB cases diagnosed in areas with high rates of TB and HIV.
Many countries still rely principally on sputum smear microscopy, a diagnostic method that was developed over a century ago. But this new ‘while-you-wait’ test incorporates modern DNA technology that can be used outside of conventional laboratories. It also benefits from being fully automated, and therefore easy and safe to use. 
WHO is now calling for the fully automated NAAT to be rolled out under clearly defined conditions, and as part of national plans for TB and MDR-TB care and control. Policy and operational guidance are also being issued, based on findings from a series of expert reviews and a global consultation held last week in Geneva. The consultation was attended by more than a hundred representatives from national programmes, development aid agencies, and international partners.   

Affordable assessment
Affordability has been a key concern in the assessment process. Co-developer, FIND (the Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics) announced Friday that it has negotiated with the manufacturer, Cepheid, a 75% reduction in the price for countries most affected by TB, compared to the current market price. Preferential pricing will be granted to 116 low-and-middle-income countries where TB is endemic, with additional reduction in price once there is significant volume of demand.
“There has been a strong commitment to remove any obstacles, including financial barriers, that could prevent the successful roll-out of this new technology,” said Dr Giorgio Roscigno, FIND’s Chief Executive Officer. “For the first time in TB control,” he said, “we are enabling access to state-of-the-art technology simultaneously in low, middle and high income countries. The technology also allows testing of other diseases, which should further increase efficiency.”
WHO is also releasing recommendations and guidance for countries to incorporate this test in their programmes.  This includes testing protocols (or algorithms) to optimise the use and benefits of the new technology in those persons where it is needed most.
Though there have been major improvements in TB care and control, tuberculosis killed an estimated 1.7 million people in 2009, and 9.4 million people developed active TB last year.

What is tuberculosis?
Medicine.Net:  Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria whose scientific name is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was first isolated in 1882 by a German physician named Robert Koch who received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. TB most commonly affects the lungs but also can involve almost any organ of the body. Many years ago, this disease was referred to as “consumption” because without effective treatment, these patients often would waste away. Today, of course, tuberculosis usually can be treated successfully with antibiotics.
There is also a group of organisms referred to as atypical tuberculosis. These involve other types of bacteria that are in the Mycobacterium family. Often, these organisms do not cause disease and are referred to as “colonizers” because they simply live alongside other bacteria in our bodies without causing damage. At times, these bacteria can cause an infection that is sometimes clinically like typical tuberculosis. When these atypical mycobacteria cause infection, they are often very difficult to cure. Often, drug therapy for these organisms must be administered for one and a half to two years and requires multiple medications.

How does one get TB?
A person can become infected with tuberculosis bacteria when he or she inhales minute particles of infected sputum from the air. The bacteria get into the air when someone who has a tuberculosis lung infection coughs, sneezes, shouts, or spits (which is common in some cultures). People who are nearby can then possibly breathe the bacteria into their lungs. You don’t get TB by just touching the clothes or shaking the hands of someone who is infected. Tuberculosis is spread (transmitted) primarily from person to person by breathing infected air during close contact.
There is a form of atypical tuberculosis, however, that is transmitted by drinking unpasteurized milk. Related bacteria, called Mycobacterium bovis, cause this form of TB. Previously, this type of bacteria was a major cause of TB in children, but it rarely causes TB now since most milk is pasteurized (undergoes a heating process that kills the bacteria).
Courtesy: Medicine.Net